Russia+and+China+1914


 * [[image:http://news.bbc.co.uk/olmedia/images/_29263_russia_china.gif width="300" height="220"]]


 * 1. Read In Depth p.684 take brief notes and answer the questions (5 points)**
 * Reasons for successive surges of revolution in the 20th century:
 * rural discontent - peasants with population growth + resentment against big landowners + increase in taxes
 * disruptions caused by the spread of the Industrial Revolution - workers got replaced by machinery, students committed to struggles of independence., urban laborers appalled by living and & working conditions.
 * world wars - returning soldiers and neglected veterans provided troops for revolutionaries. also economic competition & military rivalries contributed as well.
 * intellectual climate - beliefs in the perfectibility of human society drove many theorist like Mao Zedong to commit to building new societies that would bring justice and a decent living standard to the lower social groups
 * reassertion of greater national autonomy - countries like Russia and China sought to reduce Western economic control and cultural influence
 * //what internal and external forces weakened the governments of Mexico and China in the opening decades of the 20th century and unleashed the forces of revolution?//
 * the global marketing system set up by the west gave room for machine manufactured goods to take over which left peasants and workers wiht no source of income to play moneylenders which in turn caused riots. also the western ideologies carried down by theorist instilled visions of a good life in peasant communities or even a good work place.
 * //what key social groups were behind the revolutions in Mexico, CHina, and Russia?//
 * peasants who were mad over their economic positions, handicraft producers who positions were taken by machinery, urban workers who were disgusted by working conditions

Russia


 * 2. Take outline notes on Russia (25 points)**

MAIN IDEA: After the depression Stalin wanted to make the Soviet Union a full industrial society through economic policies and totalitarian rule. Main Idea: After the second world war the Soviet were able to expand their empire where maintaining distinctive political controls. Main Idea: Following the Cold War reforms within the empire led to its downfall.
 * Revolution in Russia**
 * MAIN IDEA: Russia went through a series of changes after both World Wars. their was a rise in Communism after innerrevolution took root & key leaders like Lenin of the Bolshevik party emerged.**
 * with the strikes and food riots breaking out in Russia corruption broke out within the tsar's government which soon led to a eight month long provisional government which most were not happy with --> set in motion revolution.
 * **Alexander Kerensky**, a Russian revolutionary leader wanted to see genuine parliamentary rule, religious and other freedoms
 * liberal leader wanted to maintain war efforts but nation was not to adverse to his so many of the big reforms like land were pushed back ---> a second revolution where the Bolshevik wing emerged (Communist Party) and Lenin their leader.
 * Lenin took full advantage of the second revolution. he gained a strong position with the urban workers but there was still looming problems that had to taken care of like signing a peace treaty with Germany putting an end to hostiles.
 * with the seizure of power in 1917 the Council of People's Commissars was created with Lenin as the head. however this came to late as another party, the Social Revolutionary party was already elected but Lenin soon shut that done making Russia ant-western
 * with the success Russia was having with Communism The United States, Britain, France, and Japan sent troops but left quickly.
 * Communism was stablied in Russia due to:
 * Leon Trotsky & the **Red Army** which showed ability to inspire mass loyalty
 * **New Economic Policy** where small business and peasant landowners could have more freedom in decisions concerning their business
 * the death of Lenin > **Joseph Stalin** took control and represented a nationalist version of communism ---> Comintern an office that helped with encouraging communist parties in the west.
 * Stalinism in the Soviet Union **
 * economic policies kicked off with collectivization a creation of large and state run farms. it also offered a chance to mechanize agriculture & control over peasants who were going to be needed if Stalin;s plans for industrialization were going to take root.
 * agricultural production remained a major weakness in the Soviet economy in part because of the atmosphere of factory like discipline and bad response to collectivization from the peasants.
 * a system of an five year plan was enacted. this clearly outlined Stalin's objectives toward industrial development
 * constructed massive factories + help prepare for possible war with Hitler's anticommunist Germany.
 * became world's third industrial power during this time
 * increase of # of people in cities + peasants derived workforce + network of welfare services = Industrial Society.
 * Stalin took control over intellectual and government more firmly
 * intellectual: insisted on uplifting styles that differed from modern art of west. set up socialist realism schools that focus on heroic idealization
 * government: used party + state apparatus to monopolize power
 * paranoia --> execution of army officials and deportation to labor camps
 * Eastern Europe After World War II**
 * After WWII the Soviet Union was able to set up buffer zones + seize islands in the Northern Pacific. it was able to gain leverage over the Middle East and Africa and concentrate on development of atomic and hydrogen bombs.
 * domestic policies in the Soviet Union stressed isolationism with Stalin shielding the Soviet population from extensive contact with foreigners or foreign ideas, and continued to emphasize central controls.
 * Religion in the Soviet Union greatly declined as powers of the Orthodox and Jewish church and scientific outlook as well as Marxist increased.
 * the Soviet state continued to attack modern Western style of art and libertine a performed varied classical music and wrote about patriotism and sympathy fur the Russian soul.
 * After the death of Stalin in 1953 Nikia Khrushchev took over
 * party control and centralized economic planning
 * promoted a new policy of peaceful coexistence
 * expanded soviet space program
 * Sputnik in 1957
 * Explosion of the 1980s and 1990s**
 * Mikhail Gorgacheve renewed earlier attacks on Stalin rigidity
 * embraced more Western ideals i.e. clothing
 * installed a new policy (glasnost) that allowed criticism commentary
 * decrease in bureaucratic inefficiency
 * economically restructured the Soviet's economy (perestroika)
 * encouraged a new constitution
 * Many smaller states of Eastern Europe like Bulgaria and Hungry followed suit in Gorachevi's reforms which only led to tensions and political upheavals.
 * Massive demonstrations --> strong democratic current --> Bori's Yeltsin and the commonwealth of Independent States


 * Name of Leader: Nikita Khrushchev ||
 * Lifespan: April 15, 1894 – September 11, 1971 || Title: Chairman of the Council of Ministers ||
 * Country/region: Russia || Years in Power ||
 * Political, Social, & Economic Conditions Prior to Leaders Gaining Power
 * Joesph Stalin was in power
 * Economic was largely based around industry with the use of the 5 year plan and collectivization
 * social realism schools were introduced.
 * increased population and network if welfare had Russia become a Industrial Society ||
 * Ideology, Motivation, Goals:
 * Stalin's concentration of power and his arbitrary dictatorship
 * planned a mjaor extension of state directed intitative.
 * wanted Russia to outdo the West ||
 * Significant Actions & events During Term of Power
 * opened new SIberian land to cultivation
 * installed missiles in Cuba
 * promoted a new policy of peaceful coexistence by removing the missiles in Cuba
 * expanded the space program and Sputnik was the first space satellite setnt up in 1957
 * maintained an active sports program
 * Short-Term effects:
 * .the establishment of the secret police
 * || Long-Term Effects
 * agirulcutural polciies were overturned
 * cold war
 * cold war

Thesis Statement

During the 1914s Russian Society has blossomed into a place of poverty and despair as peasants, who made up most of the population, were given insufficient housing also during wartime famine broke out to esclate worse conditions. as time went on, with the use of industralization work that was modeled after the west. however even though some aspects of society still rejected western ideals. - work condiitions were still subpar
 * Analyze the changes in Russian Society from 1914 to the present **

As of 1914 Russian saw political structures that were autocratic as well as oppressive with the ruling of an tsar. As time continued around the 1930s power changed hands Russia's political structure turned toward a dictatorship with Joseph Stalin taking the reigns. continuing on into modern times it was finally here that Russia' political structure saw a change where communism continued but it became more democratic.
 * Analyze the changes and continuities in Russian political structure from 1914 to the present **

- New Thesis: as of the 1914 went from tsar autocrasy to a marxist dictatorship back to a republic

-
 * China**
 * Toward Revolution in China **
 * Main Idea: after the fall of the Qing dynasty collapsed many vied for position of power and would change hands over the next years. **
 * the fall of the Qing dynasty opened competition for leadership that included warlords, loose alliance of students, middle class politicians and secret societies. the warlords were seen as the best and would be in a position of power for the next couple next of decades headed by **Yuan Sihkai**
 * As it seemed as though Yuan Sihaki would be China's only chance to unify under one government Sihaki pushed his powers as he took foreign loans to supply his military. the continuing pressure though of the rivalry warlords and foreign powers was the downfall to his control over China.
 * Twenty One Demands issued by the Japanese to reduce china's status as a dependent protectorate --> was refused.
 * resignation of Yuan --> Japan solidification of northern China --> mass demonstrations from the nationalist politicians and students ---> **May Fourth movement of 1919** which aimed at transforming China into a liberal democracy but failed --> communist left in Chinese nationalist movement.
 * **Li Dazhao** - Marxist ideologist who placed heavy emphasis on it on the working class and their unification against the industralized West.
 * the **Guomindang** led the charge in challenging the communist for mandate of China. they wanted to unify China under a strong central government however they only focused on the political and international issues instead of the domestic. this led to the peasantry which accounted for 90 % of the population to succumb to famine and disease.
 * **Whampoa Military Academy** - gave Nationalist party military dimensions to their political maneuveuring. was headed by **Chiang Kai-shek** a military officier who had aspirations for power.
 * death of Sun Yat-sen --> Chiang Kai-shek seizing power --> **Long March** in 1934 of opposition (Mao Zedong) --> solidifying Mao Zedong's leadership in the CHinese communism.

Main Idea: after the long civil war against the Guomindang the communist had China in their control but faced the task of governing a nation in ruins. they turned to economic devleopment and social reforms.
 * Mao's China and Beyond**
 * when Mao came into power he turned his sights domestically. his first priority was to complete a social revolution and soon China became a lands of peasant small holders. however communist planners saw rapid industrialization and state planning and centralization were stressed.
 * Mao didn't support this urban-industrial focus and chose to push the Mass line apparoach which would begin with the formation of agricultural cooperatives in 1955.
 * **The Great Leap Forward** was a great idea tht look to push small scale projects onto peasant communities. the small projects would include producing tactors, cement for irrigatior projects, and other manufactures needed by the peasantry. however peasant resistance to collectivization + the abuses of commune leaders + lack of ouput of the backyard factories + drought = The Great Leap Backward.
 * hold population = many mouths to feed --> China's national productivity to decrease ---> Mao losing his position as state chairman.
 * made by women in the early revolution brought many women like **Jiang Wing**, wife to Mao Zedong, into the communist camp.
 * women soon served as teachers, nurses, spies, truck drivers, and laborers on projects but by the 1970s traditional attitudes came again and as a result women were required to be employed, and raise a family, cook meals, and shop.
 * by the late 1965 Mao launched the Cultural Revolution t o help battle back against the power that the pragmatist were getting.
 * **Cultural Revolution** - was an all out asault on the "capitalist roaders" in the party. with the help of mass student demostrations and the Red Guard student brigade, Mao's political rivals and bureaucrats were publicly riduclued.

- From the beginning of 1914 Chinese politics was full of tensions and power struggles as many different groups fought for control. however as time moved along into the present Chinese was finally able to settle down with a stabile political head and communist party. even with a stabile head and party China still saw strain and tension as some still vied for ruling China. - - Chinese Society in the 1914 for the most part was run by men while women were confined to the domestic household. however as Mao Zedong came into control women were able to gain grounds and rights that were not previously given to them in the 1914. As time continued though women still received the new rights however they were reverted back into the domestic sphere.
 * Analyze the changes and continuities in Chinese politics from 1914 to the present **
 * Analyze the changes in Chinese Society from 1914 to the present **


 * Name of Leader: Mao ZeDong ||
 * Lifespan: || Title: ||
 * Country/region: China || Years in Power ||
 * Political, Social, & Economic Conditions Prior to Leaders Gaining Power
 * Continual shifts in power as many groups tried to obtain power
 * Nationalist Party arose
 * Warlords took over for a brief time
 * no great changes for women getting equal rights ||
 * Ideology, Motivation, Goals:
 * focus on China domestically not foreignally
 * champion for the peasant plait
 * the influence of teacher Li DaZoah
 * wife, Jiang Wing. ||
 * Significant Actions & events During Term of Power
 * completed a social revolution
 * The Great Leap Forward
 * campaign of Mass Line approach
 * campaign of the Cultural Revollution
 * establishment of People's Republic of China
 * Short-Term effects:
 * .new inventions of agirucultural tools
 * decrease of population
 * || Long-Term Effects
 * Cultural Revolution
 * changed women's role in society
 * People's Republic of China
 * changed women's role in society
 * People's Republic of China


 * Essay 1: Compare 20th Century political developments in China and Russi**
 * Change and Contunity Formula**
 * **between _____ to the presnet society changed __in 3 or 2 main__ ways__.__ however ___ remained the same. put world context**

Comparison Formula
 * In _______ century both ______ and ______ experienced great, small changes in ___________ and _______________. how
 * in ______ century both ____ and ____ were (vaguely/very) (similar/different) in ______ and ________. however ________