Byzantine

Byzantine Empire
This is a picture depicting the a coat of arms that was an important Byzantine icon.



The location of Constantinople really helped it prosper. It is located on a peninsula so it had the luxury of trading by land and sea and also helped it develop a culture and allies. Through rivers it connected to other major bodies of water so trade was limited to Europe and Asia. 3.1 Outline of Chapter 9

3.2 ESPIRIT BYZATINE EMPIRE

3.3 Justinan Code Number 3 Mark Up media type="custom" key="7453251"

Justinian law codes were made of obligations, stipulations, and conditions. Obligations were divided into two provisions: civil and praetorian. Praetorian obligations could be decided on his or her terms and could be considered honorable. A verbal obligation has a question and answer. the verbal obligation led to two actions: the condition, where the stipulation is certain, and the actio ex stipulatu, where it is uncertain. the words could be spoken in either Latin or Greek as along as both parties understand. Every stipulation can be considered simple and easy to understand. it usually had to the with money loaned and money paid. A stipulation is then based on conditions and if those conditions are not met they are immediately inherited by the heirs or the next generation. These stipulations, obligations, and conditions could be null and void if anything appears to be false. Justinian law codes also mention contract of sale. the contract does not have to be written but has to have a witness and the price must be agreed upon both the seller and the purchaser and also can only paid in currency or money. once the purchaser closes the sale anything that happens there on after is solely the responsibility of the purchaser. only thing that could make it void his the sale of a sacred religious item.

3.4 Chapter 9 Questions
Cyril and Methodius were Orthodox christian missionaries that were sent by the government to the Czech Slovak, Balkans, and southern Russia republics. They accomplished being able to create a written script that is known today as Cyrillic. This led to literature and lieracy flourishing in the culture of eastern Europe.
 * 1) Who were Cyril and Methodius? What did they accomplish?

2. How did events in the Middle East affect the demographics of the East Central borderlands? Rebecca: Eastern missionaries did not monopolize the borderlands of eastern europe therefore could not accommplish their goals. Males were given extensive literacy and education more then any where else in the world. The events in the Middle East affected the demographics of the East Central borderlands due to the increase of Jews in the Eastern Europe. They were fleeing the intolerance of Western Europe and migrating away from the Middle East. Local commerce grew as well as the religious and cultural traditions.

3 Outline the development of the Kievan Rus? Emgerence of Kievan Rus; First Prince: Rurik
 * Before Kievan Rus
 * The Slavic people moved into the plains of Russia and eastern Europe from an Asian land during time of Roman empire. They:
 * adopted Slavic language and customs
 * used iron
 * extended agriculture into Ukraine and western Russia
 * maintained animist religion with gods for sun, thunder, wind, and fire
 * 6th & 7th centuries:
 * traders from Scandinavia began to work through Slavic lands by moving along great rivers in western Russia. They :
 * facilitated trade between Scandinavia and Constantinople and traded luxury products from Byzantium and the Arab world traveled north in return for furs/ crude products
 * militarily superior Slavs
 * gradually set up governments along their trade route

2nd Prince Vladimir the First >> help separate of **Russian Orthodox Church** developed 3rd prince Yarsolav > >
 * A** monarchy emerged and the Rurik a native of Denmark became first prince in 855 C.E. With the help of Rurik he helped Kiev Rus:
 * organize through alliances with regional, landed aristocrats, flourished until the 12th century
 * made contacts between Kievan Rus' and Byzantium which extended steadily overtime
 * Kiev became profitable trading center
 * increased the number of Russians who visited Constantinople
 * introduced a formal law code that help reduce the harshness of traditional punishments
 * replaced community vendettas with court
 * **Vladimir I** - a descendant of Rurik He:
 * converted to Christianity for the people of his empire
 * organized mass baptisms
 * forced conversions by military pressure
 * established early church leaders taht were imported from Byzantium & helped train literate Russian priesthood
 * **Yaroslav: **
 * was the last of great Kievan princes
 * issued legal codification while building many churches and arranging translations of religious literature from Greek to Slavic

4. What important decision was made by Vladimir I? The important decision that was made by Vladimir the first was converting his subjects into Christians by mass baptism. the subjects had to comply due to there was strong military pressure. This would soon lead to the separate Russian Orthodox church.

5. What are the similaries and differences between the Byzatinum and Kievan Rus? Some similarities between the Byzatinum and the Kievan Rus was that they both issued a formal law that help keep the peace of their respective empires. they both converted to orthodox christianity which then led to the conversions of their subjects and became the pennicle of both cultures.Also in both empires there was a focus on religious art especially the icon paintings. Some differences between the Byzatium and the Kievan Rus was that there no formal bureaucracy in the empire or even a somewhat elaborate educational system which was the exact oppsite of the Byzatium empire.

6. What factors led to the decline of the Kievan Rus?
 * rival princes established reional governments
 * royal family often squabbled over succession to the throne
 * Invaders from Asia whittled at Russian territory
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">two invasions by Mongolsnamed the Tartars.

Summary of Borders on page 208
The borders of two related civilizations that developed in Europe can not be seen as black and white. Religion could be used to determine boundaries but so could politics, trade, expansion etc.... Many states were directly on the borders of two civilizations and shared characteristics of each. If Western and Eastern Europe were divided according to Orthodox and Catholic categories, and the use of Cyrillic and Greek and Latin alphabets. Based on this Poland, Czech areas, Baltic states, most of Hungary became western. South Slavs became mainly orthodox along with Russia and Ukraine. Borders could be altered by expansion for example Russia's spread eventually incorporated regions, like Poland into its territory.Mongol invasions captured parts of Europe, including Poland and Hungary.

Summary of Chapter

Eastern Europe really developed with the Byzatine. The Byzantine Empire reigned for a thousand years and in those thousand years adopted principals from past civilizations and started an empire. Religion was a great focus in the devlopment of eastern europe because that is what split from western europe. As eastern europe progressed further along with Orthodox and Catholic styles of religion, western europe.