The+Muslims+Empire



· The bazaars were filled with o Spices from East Indies o Forest products from Russia o Fine carpets from Persia. · Artisans were organized into guilds o Set craft standards o Arbitrated disputes between their members and provided financial assistance for needy members o Arranged popular enterainments ||
 * E || ** Main idea: The economy was based around the great bazaars, as well as peasant labor. **
 * S || ** Main idea: with some much of the empire acquired through war, a warrior aristocracy emerged as well as warrior class. Social life also revolved around the Sultan and the Ottoman rulers. **
 * A warrior aristocracy was created from yhr 13th to the 16th century.
 * They had access to land and peasant producers which supported their households and military retainers.
 * A warrior class emerged as well in the mid 15th century.
 * A imperial armie was dominated by the troops called **Janissaries**
 * Most of the time the boys’ parents willingly turned their sons over to the Ottoman recruiters b/c it provided opportunities for advancement in services
 * They were given schooling and there were converted to Islam.
 * They became rapidly vital to the military of the Ottomans.
 * The Ottoman rulers were absolute monarchs.
 * Were distant from their subjects
 * Followed elaborate court rituals based on those of the earlier dynasties they took over.
 * Under the ruling class was the merchant and artisan class.
 * Coffeehouses contributed a lot to social class.
 * Places where men gathered to smoke and gossip
 * Played a major role in cultural life where intellectual life could be discussed.
 * Local officials and estate owners sparked rebellions as well as peasant uprisings. ||
 * P || ** Main Idea:Ottoman politics really revolved around the sole ruler as well as the warrior aristocracy. **


 * The Ottoman rulers were absolute monarchs.
 * Day – to-day administrations were carried out by a large beaucracy headed by a grand vizier.
 * Was the overall head of the imperial administration
 * Held more real power than the sultan.
 * The death of the sultan lead to warfare among sons.
 * Rebuilt Constantinople.
 * Government reguuled commercial exchanges and handicraft production
 * Ensured the standard weights and measures were being used
 * Licensed the opening of a new shop
 * Regul;ared the entry of apprectice artsians into the trade sna monitored the quality of the goods ||
 * I || ** Main Idea: The Ottoman state had been bult on war war and steady territorial expansions **
 * By the 1350s the Ottomans already taken over some places in the Asia Minor to the Bosporus straits located in Europe
 * In the Spring of 1453 Ottoman Sultan, **Mehmed II** attacked the city with well over 100,00 troops
 * After the capture of Constantinople the Ottomans went on to extend their empire into Syria and Egypt.
 * The Ottomans developed a great navy where captured land bases on Rhodes, Crete and Cyprus.
 * Constantinople was built around the Bosporus and the narrow strait between the Mediterranean and Black seas that separates Europe and Asia. ||
 * R || **MI: The Ottomans were mostly Muslim, and therfore were a threat to Christian kingdoms of Europe, but they still used Christians as a military force in and throughout their empire.**
 * used Christian soldiers, known as Janissaries * trained and converted to Islam
 * Disgust of Christians because of conflicts with Muslim community
 * Rejects the ideas coming from western Europe due to being Christian ||
 * I || Main Idea:During the rebuilding of Constantinople intellectual life soared through poetry, writing, and architecture.

· With the rebuilding of Constantinople it became a beautiful city o There were grand public and private gardens, mansions, rest houses, religious schools, and mosques o Aqueducts were built from the surrounding hills to supply to growing population with water. · The early Ottomans had written in Persian and Arabic remained an important language for works on law and religion throughout the empire’s history. By the 17th century though the Turkish language had become the preferred mode of expressions. · The authors, artists, and artisans of the Ottoman Empire left a legacy in poerty, ceramics and carpet manufacturing and architecture. ||
 * T || **MI:During the reign of the Ottoman Empire, architecture, such as the building of mosques and palaces.**

**Suleymaniye**, mosque built at the behest of the most successful sultans, **Suleyman the Magnificent**(1520-1566)
 * ceramics, carpet manufacturing, architecture ||


 * E || **Main idea:the economy in the Mughal empire was based on two things: one was the money made from selling export goods such as cotton as well as the tributes gain from military retainers and land taxes.**
 * Mughal India usually brought products throughout Asia, and little from Europe, to exchange for a variety of Indian manufactures, particularly the sub-continent's famed cotton textiles
 * the court and central bureaucracy were supported by revenues drawn from the tribute paid by the military retainers and from taxes in lands set aside for the support of the imperial household
 * India textile trade to the West led to the creation of different kinds of cotton cloth
 * from calico to chintz and muslin were easily washed and inexpensivethis led to a larger market among working and middle classes in Britain. ||
 * S || **Main Idea: Social life and big social change revolved around mostly women. There were freedoms and luxuries that were not previously offered before. but soon after the death of Akbar life reverted back to limitations**
 * With Akbar
 * encouraged widow remarriage, at the point taboo for both Hindus and Muslims, and discouraged child marriages
 * improve the calendar, establish living quarters for the large population of beggars and vagabonds in the cities, and to regulate consumption of alcohol
 * legally prohibited **sati**, the burning of high-caste Hindu women on their husbands' funeral pyres
 * After Akbar
 * child marriages gew more popular; age limit lowered
 * decrease in a number in a widow marriages ||
 * P || **Main Idea: the Mughal Empire went through a series political rulers but the one who had the most effect was Akbar**


 * Babur
 * founder of the Mughal dynasty
 * directed raids --> to large portions of the Indus and Ganges plains
 * military strategist
 * Humayan
 * weakened and defeated fled to Persia in 1540
 * 1545 launched a series of campaigns tgat ked ti restired Mughal rule to the northern plains by 1556
 * Akbar
 * military commander
 * oversaw the building of the military and administrative systems
 * patronized the arts and entered into complex religious and philsophical discussions
 * carried out social reforms extended army throughout north and central India
 * encouraged interacial marriages ||
 * I || **Main Idea:Mughal intellect life involved the advancment of architecture built by rulers, as well as the games and forms of entertainment.****
 * polo matches, ox, tiger, elephant fights, games of pachisi
 * Architecutral achievments
 * Taj Mahal
 * audience hall in Red Fort
 * Akbar's tomb ||
 * R || **Main Idea: Akbar attempted to use religion as a way to unify the India under his rule. His basic belief was use of a universal religion called Din-I-Illahi but he also allowed religious freedom throughout his empire to diversify it a bit.**
 * Ruler Akbar invented a new faith, the Din-i-Ilahi
 * believed that it could unite his Hindu and Muslims sibjects
 * Ruler Akbar also proved religious tolerance overall for the betternent of the empire.
 * I || **Main Idea:interactions in the Mughal Empire just focused on the trade as well as military techniques for the betterment of the empire.**
 * After Bakar's death armies from Afghanistan invaded
 * Humyan was dethroned after his brothers death
 * there was mainly interactions with the west solely for trading purposes
 * Under Akbar's rule, the Mughal armies crushed the regional enemies who had hoped to capitalize from the loss of Humayan. His armies spread to north and central India, and brought a great deal of the subcontinent under Mughal control . ||
 * T || **Main Idea: Mughal technology was largely directed at glofiying the empire with things such as architecture and artistic advancement and development.**
 * The Taj Mahal
 * was the mixture of Islam and HIndu traditional beliefs.
 * was created with domes, arches, and minarets
 * Artisitc devleopment
 * ceramic tiles, white marble, semiprecious stones, arranged in floral/ geometric patterns ||
 * ceramic tiles, white marble, semiprecious stones, arranged in floral/ geometric patterns ||


 * E || **Main Idea: there was an increase in production of goods like silk and many types of infrastructures were restored to former glory.**
 * Supported endeavors with Iranian mercahnts to trade with Muslim Neighbors. There was also traide with
 * China, India, Portuguese and the English
 * Abbas I
 * built mosques, religious schools, and fianced work projects
 * built roads and public rest houses
 * set up workshops to manufacture silk textures and Persian carpets ||
 * S || **Main Idea: Savid's empire was remarkably similar to that of the Ottoman empire. they had a warrior aristocracy, and a absolute monarachy. due to an partiarchal society that existed in the empire women were not a high priority in society****
 * The warrior class dominated society as aristocrats
 * enjoyed presiges and luxuries and on their rural estate
 * shared almost equal power with the monarach
 * woman faced legal and social advantages
 * woman at home answered to their husbands and fathers
 * had not outlet for scholar or artisitc expression
 * woman were involved in trading and money lending
 * court records reveal that women protected their rights to inheritance, decent treatment of spouses, and divorce in marital situations ||
 * P || Main Idea:**Safavid government consisted of an absolute monarchy, and was centered around land acquisition and preventing Turkic chiefs from gaining supreme power.**
 * Main ruler was bestowed with the title of padishah after the ruler was the bureacracy originally run by the warrior class
 * Persians were recruited for the imperial bureaucracy because the warrior class were seen as a threat
 * Tahmasp I
 * took throne and set about restoring the power of the dynasty
 * his successors made constant efforts to maintain Turkic chiefs
 * extracted idea from the ottoman empire and changed warrior nobility.
 * Abbas the Great
 * captured youths in Russia
 * converted them to Islam and also educated them through schooling
 * were the backbone for the military
 * Salin A Din
 * began militant campaign to purify and reform Islam and spread Muslim teachings among Turkic tribes of region
 * Red Heads
 * mid-15th century - preached **Shi'a** doctrines and their enemies multiplied
 * I || **Main Idea: Safavid interactions focused primarily on the religious incentives trade with with other regions was encouraged.**
 * Shi'a Safavids v.s. Sunni Ottoman which led to war
 * battle of **Chaldiran** (northwest Persia) was fought in 1514
 * battle also revealed importance of muskets, field cannon, and gunpowder --> Isma'il cavalry not on par with well-equipped Ottomans
 * was a religious battle
 * Abbas the first encouraged trade with neighboring regions
 * Portuguese, English, India and China. ||
 * R || * all religious leaders were required to curse 3 caliphs and mention Safavid ruler in Friday sermon
 * **Red Heads-** preached the Sh'ia doctrine
 * Practiced the Shi'a version of Islam, unlike the Ottomans who practice the suffi ||
 * I || Main Idea: Safavid intellectual life revolved aorund the Persian language, casting of iron weapons as well as architectural designs
 * Sherley brothers were from England and provided instruction for casting of cannons
 * also trained Abbas' slave infantry and a special regiment of musketeers recruited from Iranian peasantry
 * Abbas called on infidel Europeans for assistance in wars w/ Ottomans
 * Safavid families perferred to write in English
 * the capital at Isfahian held a lot of architecutural designs
 * great mosques were covered in ceremical tiles and floral patterns
 * T || Main Idea:Technology during the Safavid empire was more focused on weaponary.
 * firearms
 * artillery handguns
 * muskets
 * field cannons
 * gunpowder ||
 * field cannons
 * gunpowder ||