Middle+East



Middle East Identity Map. it is clear to see that my identity chart was an epic fail because i didn't under the Middle East Was. while i got some characteristics after reading the article and reflecting on my identity i see i clearly lacked most characteristics of the middle east. 1 was a more in depth look at the physical geography such as the borders and mountains, and rivers. the second would be the human geography like one i talked about, language, and religion. .

Outline Notes **Egypt and the Rise of Nationalism in the Middle East** Main Idea: the RIse of Nationalism gained great strength in Egypt became with European introduction to new technology which sparked tension between the ayans and the small middle class which then turned on the British for excessive punishments.
 * nationalism began after British occupation in 1882
 * meant colonization by both the Turkish overlords as well as the British advisors.
 * government policy was controlled and dominanted by Lord Cormier.
 * was a high conmissior of Egypt
 * pushed for reforms that included
 * economy
 * bureaucracy
 * construction of irrigation systems and public works project.
 * helped benefit the Turco-egyptian political elite, foreign merchants, ayans and great landlords in rural areas
 * aysns continued to benefit from the economic reforms which left little for the villagers and peasants.
 * resistance to the ayans, who were alligned with the British, was led by the middle class that was growing in influence.
 * sons of the effendi. (propersous business and professional famiilies)
 * tied to expose Britian through press and ciritized their racist arrogance and monpolization of the Egyptian bureaucracy.
 * ultimate act of hostility was the Dinshawai incident in 1906
 * undermined Britians support in Egypt.


 * War and Nationalist Movements in the Middle East**
 * Main Idea: Due to the French and British occupation in the Middle East. Nationalist movement was seen in the Arabs in the form of mandates and the Jewsish Zionist and the World Zionist Organization**
 * the Ottoman empire fell and in its place came the new independent republic in 1923 led by Ataurk, a military commander
 * Ataurk launched reforms and modeled the governent after the west.
 * Arab nationalist in Beruit, Damascus, and Baghdad turned to face the new threat presented by the victorious Entente powers.
 * after World War I the french and British occupied much of Middle East
 * Hussein -> supported the British attempt to overtake the Middle East
 * faced opposition, mandates
 * British promised the Jewish Zionist and Arabs
 * led to Balfour Declaration
 * Revolt In Egypt**
 * Main Idea: Revolt in Egypt centered around the drawn out war.**
 * During the war the Entente created a heavy drain on the increase scare food supplies of the area.
 * Mass discontent strengthened the resolve of the educated nationalist
 * the emergence of the newly formed Wafd Party under its hard-driving leader Sa'd Zaglul provided focus
 * British withdrawal came in stages beginning in 1922 but victory soon turned Egypt into a poltical chessboard.
 * Conflicting Nationalisms: Arabs, Israelis, and the Palestinian Question**
 * Main Idea: Middle Eastern states like Iraw and Syria gained independence between world wars Palestine's fate still hanged in the balance.**
 * Hitler's campaign of genocide against European Jews provided support for the Zionist insistence that the Jews must have their own homeland.
 * Revolts soon began in 1936 when the British managed to stem the flow of Jewish immigrants to Palestine.
 * this led to revolt and Haganah and several underground terriorist organizations.
 * the newly created United Nations approved the parition of Palestine into Arab and Jewish countries
 * the newly created United Nations approved the parition of Palestine into Arab and Jewish countries

Classwork
 * WWI -**


 * 1916 - British and French got together through secret agreement called the Sytecs Picott Agreement.
 * 1917 - Balfour Declaration -
 * seeded some territory to both the Zionist and the Arabs.
 * the british wanted the united states support with giving the zionist power and wanted the Arabs support for the Ottoman's defeat.
 * 1918 - wilson's 14 points = hope for the Zionists and the United States did not sign.
 * 1919 = Mandates - grants of land by the United Leagues of Nations.
 * --> 2 mandates given to syria and lebanon and the rest was for the British.
 * more like colonies
 * Future Wars over oil?
 * 1930s British and United States drilling in the Middle East
 * British in Kuwait
 * United States in the Saudi Araba


 * WWII**
 * Protecting oil supplies would be the key in the World War II
 * Holocaust
 * 1947 British control over Palestine until they withdrew
 * 1948 Israel is created as a state.
 * the day was created invaded by
 * Egypt
 * Syria
 * TransJordan
 * Labanon
 * Irag
 * 1949 Israel expanded
 * results in the unifcation of the Israeel

MI: After Independence Movements in the Middle East the Miltary responded in the form of dictatorship and revolutions.
 * Military Responses: Dictatorships and Revolutions**
 * one military personnel get involved in the political breakdown of the nation they often focus on enriching military leaders and their allies rather than improving living standards
 * ex Gamal Adbul Nasser in Egypt
 * led to radical movement
 * Free Officers Movement which evolved from a secret organization in the Egyptian army.
 * aligned themselves with the Muslim Brotherhood.
 * After the Arab-Israel War of 1948 --> The Egyptian revolution began and the monarchy ended. by 1954 all political parties had been disbanded.
 * to establish Egypt's economic independence, stiff restrictions were placed on foreign investment.
 * After Naser retained their dictoral rights they tried to enact land reforms but a bureaucratic corruptions.
 * his successor, Anwar Sadat tried to undo the work that and favored private state intitatives.

Main Idea: the Iran Revolution reflected economic ambition and Islam
 * Iran: Religious Revivalism and the Rejection of the West**
 * the Iran Revoltion led by Ayatollah Ruhollah Rhomeini
 * emphasized religious purification and the rejoining of religion + politics.
 * aimed at toppling Western-backed government.
 * iran had not been formally colonized by the European powers.
 * bureaucratic or communication infrastructure were not highly developed
 * Modernization came from Pahlavi Shahs.
 * alienated middle class, religious experts, and local prayer leaders.
 * neglected the military
 * Rhomeini came back in 1978 which purged the Iranians of western influences.
 * distanced themselves from atheisitc communist world
 * veiling became obligatory to women
 * law and government reflected Islamic ideaologys.


 * Name of Leader: **Gamal Abdul Nasser** ||
 * Lifespan: 1918-1970 || Title: President of Egypt ||
 * Country/region: Egypt || Years in Power: 1948-1970 ||
 * Political, Social, & Economic Conditions Prior to Leaders Gaining Power
 * Egypt just won their independence
 * Britian still occupied the Suez Canal.
 * Political figures that took office after the Egyptian independence were corrupted.
 * Economy = bad
 * military figures were corrupt
 * Ideology, Motivation, Goals:
 * Used dictatorial powers
 * Had an interventionist foreign policy that stressed the struggle to destroy the newly established Israeli state. ||
 * Significant Actions & events During Term of Power
 * Land reforms
 * Limits were placed on how much land an individual could own
 * Establish stiff restrictions on placed on foreign investment.
 * Rallied international opinion to finally out the British and French allies
 * Aswan Project ||
 * Short-Term effects:
 * Land reforms lasted until the corruption of the bureaucratic
 * State development schemes lacked proper funding. || Long-Term Effects
 * Egypt’s increasingly population boom canceled.
 * Led to a decline in the fertility of farmlands
 * No more foreign aid that was desperately needed.
 * Six-day war with Israel in 1967
 * Population increased agin ||
 * Population increased agin ||

- helped Iran distance themselves from the antestic communist world - made it obligatory for women to wear veils - laws and government reflected Islamic ideaology. - In a talk at the Fayzieah School in Qom, 30 August 1979, Khomeini warned opponents: "Those who are trying to bring corruption and destruction to our country in the name of democracy will be oppressed. They are worse than [|Bani-Ghorizeh] Jews, and they must be hanged. We will oppress them by God's order" - Terry || shortages of food isolationalis internaal repression open elections occur ||
 * Name of Leader: **Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini** ||
 * Lifespan: 1902-1989 || Title: Religious Leader ||
 * Country/region: Iran || Years in Power: ||
 * Political, Social, & Economic Conditions Prior to Leaders Gaining Power
 * Muhammad Reza Shah Pahlavi, the Emperor of Iran became to westernize in what became the White Revolution
 * Iran had not been formally colonized by European powers
 * Colonial takeovers were not highly developed
 * The mass was alienated from the regime
 * Land owning and urban workers dissatisfied with their conditions.
 * Economic slump with the fall prices of oil and widespread unemployment ||
 * Ideology, Motivation, Goals:
 * Emphasis on religious purification and the rejoining of religion and politics
 * Wanted to destroy the western-backed style of government
 * Wanted to rescue the Islamic faithful from the imperialist westerners
 * Promised magical protection and instant paraside after the holy war
 * Wanted to build lasting state and social order
 * Wanted to spread revolution to surrounding areas
 * Aimed to defend the true beliefs of the Isliamic civilization. ||
 * Significant Actions & events During Term of Power
 * Short-Term effects:
 * land reforms
 * religious education
 * economic development || Long-Term Effects
 * Iran- Iraq War led to heav losses

Summary the Middle East Independence Movement came in stages. it started off as an ember that sparked into a wildfire. In Egypt we saw progress into the 21st century. Egypt was able to reform their bureaucracy, education, and economy. this helped them get grounded as well which allowed them to push out the present of the European powers like the British and French. This didnt come until after revolution and dictatorshup. When looking at Iran they did the complete opposite. in their nationalist movement they returned to their roots of Islam. with the help of Khomeini they were able to place laws and government based on Islamic ideology. education delevoped, land reforms were enacted and economic standards raised. All and All the middle east was able to accomplish exonerating European powers from their territory.