Civilizations+in+Decline




 * Ottoman Retreat and the Birth of Turkey || Western Intrusions and Crisis: Egypt ||
 * * Main Idea: Due to international rivals like western europe the Ottomans were on the brink of decline however with the help of rules and reformers they were able to slow the decline.
 * **Ottoman Crisis - the Beginning**
 * succession of weak rulers
 * inactive sultuans
 * power stuggles b/w minsters, relgiious experts and commanders.
 * competition between the elite led to the loss of control over the population
 * back door deals came in to play where money was taken from the sultan by provinical officers.
 * aristain work declined due to the industrail revolution and competition.
 * merchants depended on western European goods which sped up the influence of Europe in the Ottoman empire
 * strengthened empires like Russia preyed on weak Ottoman holdings and took control.
 * **Reform and Survivial**
 * divisons between the European powers allowed the Ottomans a window of opportunity to establish reforms
 * Sultan Selim III
 * believed that bolder initiatives were needed if the dynasty and empire were to survivie
 * wanted to reform: administrative effiecency and army and navy
 * was not successful and was killed in 1807
 * Mahmud II
 * wanted to reform the Ottoman empire into more like its Werstern precedents.
 * established a diplomatic corps on western lines and exchanged ambassadors with European powers.
 * european military advisors were imported to oversee training.
 * Tanzimat Reforms
 * between 1839 and 1876
 * reformed university education on western lines
 * training in the European sciences and mathematics were introduced
 * state-run postal and telegraph systems weres established in the 1830s
 * railways were built in the 1860s
 * 1876 a consitution was enacted
 * newspapers were established.
 * those effected:
 * artisans - were weakened due to the 1838 treaty with the British
 * women- positions did not improve. || *
 * Main Idea: the western present and influence became increasingly apparent and the Islamic thinkers debateed whether they should go back their past or adopt the western ways.
 * Western Intrustion
 * Napoloen
 * went up against Murad and the Mamluk army
 * the french won
 * British
 * sent assistance to the khedives in 1882.
 * slowly british officials controlled Wgypt's finances and foreign affairs
 * British troops ensured control by Egyptian administrators.
 * Wetern Adoption
 * Muhammad Ali
 * ruler of Egypt
 * introduced Western-style conscription among the Egyptian peasantry
 * hired French officers to train troops
 * imported Western arms
 * adopted Western tactics
 * order the Egyptian peasantry to increase their production of cotton, hemp indigo and other crops
 * extended irrigation work ||

The Qing Empire
As you read 604 to 611 take outline notes on the Rise and Fall of the Qing Empire. Be sure to include Main Ideas for each subtopic and to highlight key terms.

**The Last Dynasty: The Rise and Fall of the Qing EMpire in China**
//main idea: Over the course of the 19th century, the Western powers took advantage of these weaknesses to force open China's markets and reduceits Qing rulers to little more than puppets.//
 * **Nurchaci**
 * peacemaker between the Manchu nomads
 * combined the cavlry of each tride into 8 banner armes
 * with the Great Wall a divider between the tribe and China the Manchu tribe strived to be like the Chinese. adopting their style of beaucracy and court ceremonies.
 * after quickly bypassing the Great Wall to get thing the Ming government, the Manchu regime took over and became the Qing Empire.

**Economy and Society in the Early Centuries of Qing Rule**
//main idea:economy was supplimented by landlord classes calling in loans. society during the early centuries of Qing rule remained the same as that was seen during the Ming empire.//
 * the writings of Zhu Xi continued to dominate offical thinking.
 * accepted hierarchy:
 * old over young
 * male over female
 * scholar-beaucrat over commoners
 * in the elite families the extended family remained the core unit of the social order
 * women on all the social levels remained confined to the households
 * male control was heightened by the practice of choosing brides
 * women from lower class continued to work in the fields and sell produce
 * if a wife bore a son more chance of her living longer
 * wives took charge of running the household
 * Manchus reform effort: alleviating the rural distress
 * taxes and state labor demands were lowered
 * incentives were given as well.
 * a good chunk of the budget was devoted to repoaring existing dikes, canals, and roadways and extending irrigation works.
 * peasants were encouraged to plant new crops

**Rot from within: Bureaucratic Breakdown and Social Disintergration**
//main idea: by the 18th century, the Qing Empire was in decline as the bureaucratic foundations of the Chinese Empire were rotting from within//
 * The exam system which selected honest bureaucrats led to cheating and favoritism
 * jobs in government were based on money and wealth not skill and talent
 * the wealthy saw positions in the bureaucracy as a means of influencing local officials and judges and enhancing family fortunes.
 * funds needed for armies and fleets dropped dramatically.
 * by 1850 the neglected dikes had broken down much of area around the Huanghe river
 * by 160 the river flowed north causing the land b/w to get flooded and farms wiped out.
 * food shortages and landloard demands prompted mass migrations.

Barbarians at the Southern Gates: The Opium War and After
//main idea://
 * the Manchu rulers and their Chinese administrators treated the Europeans much like the nomads and other people they saw as barbarians.
 * disputes cam about through dissatisifcation with trading deals between Britian and china.
 * Britian looked for a new market that didnt include China so they went to India for opium
 * China believed this would be a threat to their economy and social order so the OPium War began.
 * with increased money spent on Opium trade expansion decrased, agricultural productivity declined, and unemployment spread.

A Civilization at Risk: Rebellion and Failed Reforms
//Main Idea:after the defeat of the CHinese in the Opium War, the QIng empire was on the brink of the decline. it suffered many rebellion like the Taiping rebellion that really pushed it towards the edge.//
 * Opium War --> contributed crisis in Qing empire.
 * rebellions spread throughout 1850
 * Taiping Rebellion
 * led by Hong Xiuquan
 * won series of battles against Qing forces
 * by 1853 they captured most of south central CHina and established a capital at Nanjing.
 * soon division splintered the Taping control and the rebel leaders
 * ban of opium and variations of christian teach --> alienated Europeans
 * offered social reform, land redistribution, and liberation of women.
 * attacked the taditional confucian elite and the its learning.
 * sought to develop a simplified script and mass literacy

The Fall of the Quing: The End of a Civilization?
//main idea;//
 * with the defeat of the Taiping, ressitance to the Qing came to be centered in rival secret societies such as the Triads and the Society of Elders & Brothers
 * underground organizations inspired local uprising against sthe dynasty in the late 19th century
 * failed due to disorganization and sufficient resources.
 * the revolution of 1911 toppled the WIng dynasty
 * became turning point fo rChinese civilization
 * civil service exams were given for the last times.
 * the mix of philisophies and values became known as the Chonfucian system.