Asian+Transitions+in+an+Age+of+Global+Change

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**The Asian Trading World and the Coming of the Europeans**
Main Idea: European enterprise revolved around transportation ways to carried Asian goods to Europe. there was also side goal of religion where Europeans went to Asia to convert others to Christianity.
 * **Asian sea trading network** can be brown down into three main zones
 * in the west was the the Arab Zone which had glas, carpets, and tapestries
 * in the middle was India with controlled cotton textiles
 * in the eastChina who produced paper, precleain and silk textiles
 * in the south was Japan and east Africa. they produced metal, foods, and forest products
 * There was no central control of the system
 * there was no military force from commerical exchange.

//Trading Empire: The Portuguese Response to the Encounter at Calicut// Main Idea: Since the trip to the market in Calicut didn't go over well for the Portuguese they set off to go by the route of force to get what they wanted.
 * Portuguese had little, other than gold and silver, to exchange with Asian people.
 * the Portuguese resolved to take by force what they could not get through fair trade
 * decision came from the idea that they could offset their lack of numbers and trading goods with witheir superior ships and weaponary
 * had the side effect of letting the European intruders an element of suprise
 * took advantage of the divisons that separated their Asian competitiors and the Asians' inability to come force in battle effectively
 * sea patrols and raids were not enough for the Portuguese to hold off the competitors
 * from 1507 onward they captured towns and built fortresses in many stratgeic location aroudn teh sian trading networks.
 * they took Ormuz in 1507 on the Persian Gulf & 1510 they captured Goa in India
 * ships ans naval stations became the key components of the trading empire.
 * the aim of the empire was to establish Portuguese monopoly control over key Asian products
 * they were to be shipped to European markets, then sold at high prices which would let Portugal dictate the supply of goods
 * Portuguese also wanted to impose a licensing system on all merchant ships that traded in the Indian Ocean from Ormuz to Malacca.
 * would giv ethem control of a sizable portion of the Asian trading network

//Portuguese Vulnerability and the Rise of the Dtuch and English Trading Empires// Main Idea:due to poor military discipline, resistance to Asian rivals, and heavy ship losses the Portuguese trading empire declined and the Dutch and English capitalized. //Going Ashore: European Trivute Systems in Asia// Main Idea: //Spreading the Faith: The Missionary Enterprise in South and Southeast Asia// Main Idea: the spread of Roman Catholicism was a fundamental part of the global mission of the Portuguese and Spanish.
 * Portuguese plans never became reality
 * they resorted severe punishment like severing hands
 * plans never happened b/c they didnt have enough soldiers or ships to sustain the monopolies
 * in the early 17th century the Dutch emerged as a contender.
 * in 1690 built a new port in **Batavia**.
 * reflected the Dutch decision to concentrate on the monopoly control of certain spices
 * english was forced to fall back to India
 * The Dutch trading empire was made up of:
 * towns
 * factories
 * warships on patrol
 * monopoly control of a limited number if products
 * to regulate the supply of goods they uprroted the plants that produced these spices on the islands they did not control
 * when the demand for spices declined the Dutch profited from the fees they charged for transporting products.
 * because of the great numbers of the Asian armies, it offset the Europeans' advantage in weapons and their ability to dominate the Asian people.
 * in each area where the Europeans went to shore in the early centuries of expansions, they set up tributes regimes
 * the tribute was paid in the form of agriculture prodcuts
 * by the 1540s, India seemed to a great place to establish religious conversions.
 * Francism and Domincan missionaries were willing to minister to the poor low caste fisher and untouchables but it proved to be difficult
 * Italian Jesuit Robert di Nobili devised a different conversion strategy in early 1600s
 * learned several indian languages
 * donned the garments worn by Indian brahmans
 * adopted a vegetarian diet
 * the conversion of the general populace in Asia occurred only in isloated areas.
 * the friars became the main channel for transmitting European influences.
 * **China:** || **Japan** ||
 * * Spanish and Portuguese had brought crops from the Americas into the Yangtze region of China
 * China's population had risen to 90 million in the 14th century and 300 million + during the 1800s.
 * China traded silk textiles and other goods for silver.
 * Europeans settled in Macao and Canton where they officially began business with Ming China.
 * Europeans broke into the Middle Kingdom
 * tried to infiltrate the courts
 * gathered the Ming emperors favor to spread their religion.
 * Some Chinese scholars were interested in learning the teachings of Christianity.
 * Matteo Ricci and Adam Schall astounded Chinese scholars || * Europeans visited the islands of Japan since 1543, bringing larger number of merchants in trade with India, China and southeat Asia.
 * Exchanged the goods for silver silver, copper, pottery, lacquerware. Also brought firearms


 * Commercial contacts with over sea people, led to more over sea trade
 * Missionaries began to enter Japan however to seek converts
 * led to a large resistence as Christianity
 * was seen as a counterforce to military Buddhist beliefs in Japan


 * Due to the Europeans trying to convert people and the threat of their merchants, Japan led to massive restrictions to prevent anymore chaos
 * Stopped convertions and made converts go back t oBuddhism or they be severly punished
 * By the 17th century Japan was entering complete isolation
 * Japanese converts obliged to renounce faith, those who refused were imprisoned, killed, or tortured ||