Early+Latin+America




 * E || **Main Idea: Latin America was based upon the two areas of mining and agriculture with a hint of emphasis on trade for imports **
 * E || **Main Idea: Latin America was based upon the two areas of mining and agriculture with a hint of emphasis on trade for imports **
 * E || **Main Idea: Latin America was based upon the two areas of mining and agriculture with a hint of emphasis on trade for imports **

> > * >> * >> - >> * >>>>> * galleons were shies that carried silver belonging to the crown ||
 * was an mostly agrarian society where laborers lived & worked on the land
 * as population declined ranches and farmed emerged
 * family owned rural estates produced crops like grapes grains and livestock
 * haciendas provided the basis of wealth for aristocracy in Spanish American
 * - Spanish America economy also had the key components of mining
 * the precious metal made was a key export
 * silver provided more wealth than gold mining laborers were very popular
 * American Indian slaves and encomenida workers replaced a system of labor drafts
 * it was the exchange of bravery for good wages
 * drew huge population growth since many workers needed wor
 * sheep raising led to the development of small textile sweatshops
 * -Spanish America was self sufficient with staple items like food and material goods & looked to Europe for luxury items
 * Spanish trade was exclusive and only spaniards could trade with America
 * a board of trade controlled all commerce including
 * Registering ships and passengers
 * Kept charts
 * Collected taxes
 * * worked with a merchant guild called consulado
 * S || ** - main idea: social organization was mostly based upon ethnicity and race with little to no chance of social mobility. **


 * mixed marriages and informal, unions were common in the Americas
 * - due to mixed marriages there was a population growth of mestizos
 * - mestizos had a higher status than the Indians
 * - the socoedad de cast a

-**peninsulares**
 * based on racial origins
 * Europeans and whites were at the top
 * blacks and native Americans were at the bottom
 * mixed races were in the middle
 * -most wealthy merchants landowners beaucrats and ministers were white

- **creoles**
 * born in Spain
 * loyal American Spaniards

- women were given little power ||
 * born in new world
 * dominated local encomies
 * P || **Spanish America was controlled by a beaucratic system where a small group had many responsiblities **

- **treaty of tordesillas** - king ruled the council of the Indies
 * built on a juridical core and late body of letrdos
 * l**etarados** had the power of the legislative & administrative offices
 * **recopliacion** codified the laws into the basis of govt in the colonies
 * was between Castile and Portugal
 * cleared up issues of spheres of influence and right of possession
 * drew a hypothetical north around the globe


 * issued laws and advised the king
 * two **viceroyalties**
 * were based in mexico city and Lima
 * direct representative kf the king
 * **audenicas** were supreme courts where royal magistrates helped make the law and reforce it
 * - Spanish missionaries replaced parishes and soon archbishops sat in major capitals which led to a church hierarchy
 * - clergy were supporters of state policy ||
 * I || * main idea: after the spanish arrivcal in america, the spanish forced the ingenious people to work for them as serfs


 * construction of churches stimulated the works of architects and artists
 * the printing press was brought to America in the 16th century led to the high percentage of religious books being published as well as poetry and language
 * intellectual life was based upon religion
 * schools were ran by the clergy
 * universities primarily studied law and theology
 * **sor juan a ines de la Cruz**
 * author
 * * poet
 * * musician
 * - genre of painting emerged t identify various combination ||
 * R || * **main idea: the spanish saw christianity as superior to the beliefs of the native people. also the church structure was begining to change where they were closer to the state. **
 * there was wide spread conversions by Franciscans, Dominicans and jesuits to the Indians
 * since the crown used conversion as justification for Spanish rule there were the opposes who advocated for Indian rights
 * Spanish missionaries replaced parishes and soon archbishops sat in major capitals which led to a church hierarchy
 * clergy were supporters of state policy ||
 * I || Spain sought every means to strengthen itself and it's colonies
 * - in 1492 a colony in Hispaniola was established
 * - settlements by Spain existed in


 * Cuba
 * Puerto Rico
 * panama
 * - the Spaniards established Iberian style cities but adapted them to American reali ies
 * - diseases & conquest kednto depopulation of the Caribbean
 * - Ativan slaves were imported by 1512
 * - increasing amount of expeditions had great impact on the societies there ||
 * T || * **main idea: there was little improvement or new technology that emerged due to the fact that serfs resented working **
 * algamation helped extract the silver from the mercury rock ||





** Summary: Sepulveda makes him point very clear in his book. Though his reason can be considered as valid they by not means can be proven. His book is solely based on assumptions, opinions and a bias view. His idea that the native people are inferior because they are uncivilized, don’t have a complex intellectual life and since they are practically slaves they do not deserve the same treatment as the poor spinards who were elevated to a higher status when they came to America. He belives in a social dawnism and uptiopian world but there is no such thing to be found in history or can ever propser. He makes references to the b ible as a means to back up his claim but even there he finds fault and flaws. **





Summary: In De Las Casas In Defense of the Indian, his argues against the main point used in Sepulveda's agruments. he inferred that the Spanish people were "ignorant", using the teachings of Aristole and the Christianity against the native people when he never met them a day in his life. throughout his document Casas counters key point of Sepulveda's with direct evidence such as the mention of the Incas and the Aztecs. he also raises questions about spanish events whch were similar to the ones occuring when the spanish were enslaved by the romans and they were in the same position as the natives are right now. one can see that the spanish would be forced to raise the question how would we react? and if we were in this position would it be justified?


 * 3.3 Compare the attitudes of Sepulveda and de las Casas towards native Americans. - What factors account for the differences in POV?**

Both Sepulveda and De las Casas represent the both extremes of the question of native Americans. on one hand Sepulveda is defending the mistreatment of the Spaniards by simply stating that it was justified because they were uncivilized and they needed the help of the perfect Spaniards. on the other hand we have de las casas who's making a direct attack on sepulveda by countering and saying the treatment was not justified because they were in peace before you. they didn't need Sepulveda. looking at sepulveda's background he hasnt journeyed to the new world so therefore he only knows the life and ways of the Spanish. how can he sympathize with these people when he doesnt know them, never met them, and all he knows is that they are these endangered species that need to be saved? de las casas actually journeyed to the new world and the spanish colonies and saw first hand the treatment of the natives. his observations affected his attitudes and this is why he is defending the Indians.

Brazil: The First Plantation Colony

//Sugar And Slavery://
 * Main Idea: The Portuguese created the first plantation colony of the Americas. They grew sugar with first the use of Native Americans, and later the African slaves.**
 * Brazil had a good balance of agriculture and industry
 * Sugar was cut and pressed in large mills (industry)
 * Sugar was gathered (agriculture)
 * Brazil was the first planation colony
 * In 1695 the Minas Gerais was found and wealth was found
 * Taxes were imposed

//Brazil’s Age of Gold// **Main Idea: Brazil soon opened up a new profit to their flagging economy which was gold.** · The Dutch seized a portion of northeastern Brazil which led to a rising price of slaves and a decrease price of sugar · A region called the Minas Gerais was found and there Brazil found their new boom · Local wealth from the mines help build churches and schools and gave work to artisans, architects and composers The 18th Century Reforms

//The Shifting Balance of Politics and Trade// **Main Idea:** **By the 18th century, the Spanish colonial system had become out of date and that Spain was losing control of the Indies. This led to continued threats by the French, Dutch and English.** · in the Caribbean they became prime targets to the combined British, french, and dutch forces that raided the settled Spaniards. · The colonies became increasingly self-sufficient in basic areas of life, and as central government became weaker, local aristocrats in the colonies exercised increasingly control over the economy and gov’t of their regions, often at the expense of the Native American and the lower-class population. · The War for Spanish Succession occurred after the Spanish king Charles II Died. Inevitably it was resolved in the treaty of Utrecht, and the Bourbon family took control.

//The Bourbon Reforms// · The Spanish Bourbon monarchs, ex Charles III, and their progressive ministers were to revive Spain within the framewoek of its traditional society. Their aim was to make governemtn more effective to benefit the economy · French bureaucratic models were introduced during the Bourbon reforms. The tax system was strengthened, and the navy was reformed as well.

//Pombal and Brazil// · Marquis of Pombal attempted social reforms which included abolishing slavery in portugal in order to insure a more steady supply to Brazil. He also removed natives from missionary control, and encouraged europeans to marry them with an effect of immigrant couples to colonize more interior areas. · Pombal’spoliciies were not immediately successful, they provided the strcture for an economic boon in the last 20 years.

Reforms, Reactions, and Revolts **Main Idea: By the middle of the 18th century Spanish America experienced rapid population growth which had to the effects of reforms. Reactions and revolts** · Reform policies disrupted old patterns of power and influence, raised expectations