Africa+and+the+Africans+in+the+Age+of+the+Atlantic+Slave+Trade

//**The Atlantic Slave Trade**//

 * Early Portuguese contacts led to the early stage of contact with the African coast. The trade is then expanded to the new American colonies and develops into the Atlantic Slave Trade.**
 * Along the Portuguese coast they established factories (forts and trading ports with resident merchants) who mostly benefited from European commodites.
 * Africans got goods from the Portuguese and in exchange they got ivorym pepper, animal skins, and gold
 * The slave trade started around 1441 for the fact that it was seen as more reliable and profitable. it grew after 1550 into different markets
 * trade was the basis of Portuguese relations with Africans, but in the wake of commerce followed political, religious, and social relations,
 * missionary efforts were made to convert the rulers fof Benin, Kongo and other African kingdoms

//Trend toward Expansion// //Demographic Patterns// //main idea: demographic patterns show large number of slaves being imported which effected not only their homelands but the Americas, their new homes.//
 * main idea: there is a lot of speculation about how many slaves were exported from Africa and how many slaves were taken by each nation because they where needed and supplied all over the world by both Christians**
 * the number of slaves generally increased not only by the century but also by year. it is believed that in the 17th century the number of slaves increased by 16,000 per year.
 * about 12 million slaves were involved but only 10 to 11 million made it to the new world, The number however only involves the slaves who were imported by the Atlantic ocean, so an addition of about 3 million comes from the older trans-Shara and east African trade that occurred at the hands of Muslims.
 * in the 18th century, the great age of the Atlantic slave trade, probably more than 7 million slaves, or more than 80% of all those embarked, were exported between 1700 and 1800. By the latter date, about 3 million slaves lived in the Americas.
 * Trans-Saharan slave trade focused on women such as concubines and domestic servants. the Atlantic slave trade focused on men
 * the Atlantic trade had a demographic impact on certain parts of west and central Africa.
 * new crops like maize and manioc were introduced to Africa which helped provide new food sources.

//Organization of the Trade//
 * control of the slave trade or a portion of it generally reflected the political situation in Europe
 * each nation established merchant towns or trade forts from which slaves could be easily obtained.
 * the Spanish created a system where a healthy man was called an **indies piece** and the women and children were worth a fraction of the price
 * the English charted the royal African company that helped them have their own source of slaves for their colonies in Barbados, Jamaica and Virginia. this led to every nation trying to get a fort that provided them with slaves.
 * a triangle trade a rose where slaves were carried to the Americas, then sugar and tobacco were carried to Europe and lastly the European goods were sent to the coast of Africa.

//**African Societies, slavery, and the Slave Trade**//
 * main idea: the trade influenced African social and political developments along the African coast. it also introduced African servitude and produced long term effects.**
 * slavery was justified by showing that slavery already existed on the continent.
 * slavery varied from peasant status to the more serve of chattel slavery
 * slaves were the only way most individuals could increase their wealth and status.
 * the Atlantic trade opened up new opportunities to expand as well as increase the level of intenestiy that was focused on slaves
 * one of the greatest features of slavery is the enslavement of women

Slaving and African Politics
 * European merchants tapped into existing routes which led to the new demand for slaves in Africa.
 * wars that never stopped had the effect of promoting the importance of miltary + made the sale of captives into the slave trade.
 * With the access of the European goods, especially firearms and eother goods, western as well as central Africa began to redirect their trade toward the coast.
 * this resulted in unending warfare as wsell as the discruption of societies

Asante and Dahomey
 * Main Idea:
 * In the Gold Coast, the empire of **Asante** rose to greatness in the period of the slave trade.
 * Asante were members of the **Akan** peope who settled in and around **Kumasi**, a region of gold and kola nut production that lay between the coast and the Hausa and Mande trading centers to the north.
 * There were at least 20 small states, based on the **matrilineal** clans that were common to all the Akan peoples, but usually the **Oyoko** clan predominated.
 * With control of the gold-producing zones and a constant supply of prisoners to be sold as slaves for more firearms, Asante maintained its power until the 1820s as the dominant state of the Gold Coast.
 * the kingdom of **Dahomey** had a different response to the European presence.
 * It began to emerge as a power in the 17th century from its center at Abomey.
 * Its kings ruled with the advice of powerful councils, but by the 1720s, access to firearms allowed the rulers to create an autocratic and sometimes brutal political regime based on slave trade
 * Between 1640 and 1890, over 1.8 mil slaves were exported from the Bight of Benin.

East Africa and the Sudan Main Idea:
 * the Swahili trading cities continued their commerce in teh Indian Ocean. they changed as they saw fit to the military presence of the Portuguese and the Ottoman Turks
 * trade was continued and brought in ivory, gold and a staedy supply of slaves.
 * The Portuguese and Indo-portuguese settlers along the Zambezi River in Mozambique used slave soldiers to increase their territores.
 * offshore islands followed European models and set up clove-producing plnatations using African slaves laborers. The Luo people who spoke the language of the Nilotic group help contruct related dynasties among the states in the area.
 * the eventually established a ruling dynasty among the existing Bantu population.
 * by the end of the 18th century the process of Islamization began to reappear again
 * linked Islamization to the external slave trade and the growth

//**White Settlers and Africans in Southern Africa**//
 * main idea: conflict and disputes between the Europeans and the Bantu speaking poeple led to the creation of Shaka which had the effect of expansion as well in the 19th century.
 * the southern end of Africa was still occupied with non-Bantu hunting people.
 * lived by hunting and sheep herding
 * they practice agriculture and herding; worked iron and copper into tools, weapons and adornments and traded with their neighbors
 * they also spoke different languages like
 * Tswana
 * sotho
 * Nguni
 * Zulu
 * Xhosa
 * in 1652 the Dutch East India Company established a colony at the Cape of Good Hope to serve as a provision post for ships saling to Asia
 * after 1834, when Britian abolished slavery they imposed limitations on landholding
 * groups such as Boers staged their **Great Trek** for to the north to be free of governemtn interfence
 * this movement brought them across the Orange River and into Natal which is located in the east coast.

The Mfecane and the Zulu Rise to Power
 * a unifcation process had begun in some of the northern chiefdoms and because of this a new military organization emerged.
 * iron discipline and new tactics were intorduced which created the short stabbing spear
 * the army was made a permanent institution
 * the fighting men were allowed to marry only after they had completed their service
 * Shaka became what was known as a politican
 * his policies brought power to Zulu
 * he had creul behavior which earned him enemies
 * his reforms remained in his place even after his death
 * the rise of the Zulu and other Nguni cheifdoms and was the beginning of the **mfecane** or wars of crushing and wandering.
 * new african states such as Swazi adaped asepcts of the Zulu model made them survivors
 * lesotho defended themselves again the Nguni armes and created a kingdom where the people had a strong inflence of their leaders.

Slave Lives
 * to slaves slavery meant
 * destruction of their villages
 * their capture in war
 * separatoin from friends and family
 * foreced march to trading town
 * one third of the captives died along the way or in the slave pens
 * cargo sizes varied and could go as high as 700 slaves crowded into the dank and unsanitary conditions of the slave ships
 * The Middle Passage was the voyage to the Americas.
 * they were taken from their homes
 * branded
 * confined
 * shackled
 * faced the dangers of poor hygenie, disease and bad treatment
 * led to suicide
 * however they came to America with their spirits still strong

American Slave Societies main idea: each American slave based society reflected the variations of its European origin and its component African cultures however similaries could be seen
 * Saltwater slaves = African born, and could be categorized as black
 * Creole slaves= American born descendants who could be categorized as mulattos
 * were given more opportunities to acquire skilled jobs or to work as house servants
 * more like to win their freedom by manumission
 * American slaves societies had a hieracrchy
 * free whites at the top
 * slaves at the bottom
 * free poeple of color in the middle
 * evidence shows that important Africans who were sold into slavery were still important in their slave community
 * together slaves and free colored people made up two thrids of the total populaiton.
 * in north America, creole slaves predominated
 * this resulted in slavery in North AMerica less effect by Africa

· The bazaars were filled with o Spices from East Indies o Ivory from Africa o Forest products from Russia o Fine carpets from Persia. · Artisans were organized into guilds o Set craft standards o Arbitrated disputes between their members and provided financial assistance for needy members o Arranged popular enterainments || · With the rebuilding of Constantinople it became a beautiful city o There were grand public and private gardens, mansions, rest houses, religious schools, and mosques o Aqueducts were built from the surrounding hills to supply to growing population with water. · The early Ottomans had written in Persian and Arabic remained an important language for works on law and religion throughout the empire’s history. By the 17th century though the Turkish language had become the preferred mode of expressions. · The authors, artists, and artisans of the Ottoman Empire left a legacy in poerty, ceramics and carpet manufacturing and architecture. ||
 * E || Main idea: The economy was based around the great bazaars, as well as peasant labor.
 * S || Main idea: with some much of the empire acquired through war, a warrior aristocracy emerged as well as warrior class. Social life also revolved around the Sultan and the Ottoman rulers.
 * A warrior aristocracy was created from yhr 13th to the 16th century.
 * They had access to land and peasant producers which supported their households and military retainers.
 * A warrior class emerged as well in the mid 15th century.
 * A imperial armie was dominated by the troops called **Janissaries**
 * Most of the time the boys’ parents willingly turned their sons over to the Ottoman recruiters b/c it provided opportunities for advancement in services
 * They were given schooling and there were converted to Islam.
 * They became rapidly vital to the military of the Ottomans.
 * The Ottoman rulers were absolute monarchs.
 * Were distant from their subjects
 * Followed elaborate court rituals based on those of the earlier dynasties they took over.
 * Under the ruling class was the merchant and artisan class.
 * Coffeehouses contributed a lot to social class.
 * Places where men gathered to smoke and gossip
 * Played a major role in cultural life where intellectual life could be discussed.
 * Local officials and estate owners sparked rebellions as well as peasant uprisings. ||
 * P || Main Idea:
 * The Ottoman rulers were absolute monarchs.
 * Day – to-day administrations were carried out by a large beaucracy headed by a grand vizier.
 * Was the overall head of the imperial administration
 * Held more real power than the sultan.
 * The death of the sultan lead to warfare among sons.
 * Rebuilt Constantinople.
 * Government reguuled commercial exchanges and handicraft production
 * Ensured the standard weights and measures were being used
 * Licensed the opening of a new shop
 * Regul;ared the entry of apprectice artsians into the trade sna monitored the quality of the goods ||
 * I || Main Idea: The Ottoman state had been bult on war war and steady territorial expansions
 * By the 1350s the Ottomans already taken over some places in the Asia Minor to the Bosporus straits located in Europe
 * In the Spring of 1453 Ottoman Sultan, **Mehmed II** attacked the city with well over 100,00 troops
 * After the capture of Constantinople the Ottomans went on to extend their empire into Syria and Egypt.
 * The Ottomans developed a great navy where captured land bases on Rhodes, Crete and Cyprus.
 * Constantinople was built around the Bosporus and the narrow strait between the Mediterranean and Black seas that separates Europe and Asia. ||
 * R || no signifant religious actions and events ||
 * I ||
 * T || **MI:During the reign of the Ottoman Empire, architecture, such as the building of mosques and palaces.**
 * **Suleymaniye**, mosque built at the behest of the most successful sultans, **Suleyman the Magnificent**(1520-1566)
 * ceramics, carpet manufacturing, architecture ||